Easy Money

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) officials recently discussed how to deal with the next approaching market collapse and hide alarming data from depositors to prevent bank runs, video of a meeting shows.

• November 2022 meeting shows financial regulators plot how to hide alarming market signals from depositors to prevent a bank-run panic.
• “The bankers don’t trust the banks.”

The FDIC’s Systemic Resolution Advisory Committee (SRAC) held a meeting in November to discuss how the next market crash would occur and what steps would need to be taken to ensure not everybody tries pulling their money out of the financial system at the same time.

“You’ve got to think of the unintended consequences of taking a public that has more full faith and confidence in the banking system than maybe the people in this room do,” one FDIC member noted.

They don’t want the public to see this video.
The bankers don’t trust the banks.
(Nov 2022)

They’re talking about financial crisis and their lack of faith in our banking system and how to keep the public from freaking out (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)

pic.twitter.com/SK3iLAQ4IP

— Wall Street Silver (@WallStreetSilv) December 29, 2022

“We want them to have the full faith and confidence in the banking system. They know FDIC insurance is there. They know what works. They put their money in, they’re going to get their money out.”

He claimed that although institutions will soon be able to figure out the dire implications of what’s being discussed at the meeting, the general public should not, because that would lead to “unintended consequences.”

“I would be careful about the unintended consequences of starting to blast too much of this out in the general public,” he said.

In a fitting description of fractional reserve banking, another SRAC member lamented that although institutions don’t want to see a “huge run” on their deposits, they likely will soon, which will bring about the need to impose bail-ins.

“People need to understand they can get bailed in, but you don’t want a huge run on the institutions. But there are going to be. And it could be an early warning signal to the FDIC and primary regulators when these things happen,” he said.

FDIC quote:

“You don’t want a huge run on the institutions, and, and they’re going to be”.

Another major clip from the FDIC meeting showing this is going down, soon. They are expecting it.

From Nov 2022 meeting …

pic.twitter.com/yEb1G8sXLA

— Wall Street Silver (@WallStreetSilv) December 29, 2022

Unlike bail-outs, which involve a third party like taxpayers and governments rescuing failed financial institutions, bail-ins are a mechanism in which creditors of a failing financial institution are required to cancel some of its debts as part of a plan to save it from collapse.

One FDIC member claimed this economic “period of peacetime” will soon “flip faster than we saw in 2008.”

“I do think it’s hard to get a lot of demand for transparency right now, in this sort of period of peacetime, but that is going to flip and it’s going to flip faster than we saw in 2008,” he said.

FDIC saying “I do think it’s hard to get a lot of demand for transparency right now, in this sort of period of peacetime, but that is going to flip and it’s going to flip faster than we saw in 2008.”

Saying it plain and simple:
This is way worse than 2008.

pic.twitter.com/9V6waAwz2b

— Wall Street Silver (@WallStreetSilv) December 30, 2022

Because of that, he said, it’s necessary for financial institutions to quickly leverage “the social media world” with curated talking points to combat “disinformation” and “avoid rumors taking over the narrative.”

Keep in mind, the FDIC insures $9 TRILLION of bank deposits with only $125 billion worth of assets.

In other words, only 1.3% of its holdings are in reserve.

It can’t possibly insure everybody, especially in a crisis when many people want to withdraw their money all at once.

Therefore, Federal Reserve-orchestrated bail-outs – and thus more inflation – are inevitable should a market crash come to pass.

If this goes down during 2023 … we can expect the mother of all Fed QE … $5 trillion instantly on the balance sheet expansion to bailout the banking system and massive amounts of Congressional stimulus and bailouts.

— Wall Street Silver (@WallStreetSilv) December 29, 2022

Watch the full FDIC meeting:

Source: by Jamie White | InfoWars

Yournews.com

German Bundestag VP Wolfgang Kubicki says unexplained deaths within 14 days of Covid jab should be automatically investigated by Paul Ehrlich Institute.

Kubicki’s calls come as German research study found 30 percent of deaths that happened “shortly after” vaccine were caused by jab.

The vice president of the German Bundestag has called for immediate investigations into deaths that occur within two weeks of receiving a Covid vaccination.

“I think it is essential that every unexplained death that occurs within 14 days after a vaccination is automatically registered as a suspected case with the Paul Ehrlich Institute,” Bundestag VP Wolfgang Kubicki told German newspaper Die Welt last week. “This is obviously not the case yet.”

Die Welt reports the parliamentary vice president, elected to office in 2017 and re-elected in 2021, referenced a study conducted by Peter Schirmacher, chief pathologist at the Heidelberg University Clinic, in which researchers found 30 percent of deaths examined happened “shortly after the vaccination,” and “that vaccination was the cause of death.”

“We are talking about a relevant number that makes it necessary to approach this problem systematically,” Kubicki explained, adding autopsies should “regularly” be carried out by health authorities if a person dies within two weeks of a jab.

“That also makes sense because the conditional approval of these vaccines took place under enormous time pressure,” acknowledged the parliamentary leader.

Addressing Kubicki’s push for more data, Bundestag Union health policy advisor Tino Sorge (Christian Democratic Union of Germany) agreed the results of Schirmacher’s research required further investigation.

German news outlet Bild discussed Kubicki’s calls for further investigation into possible vaccine-related deaths and the alarming results of Schirmacher’s study.

“Two years after the first corona vaccination, it is high time for a more open approach to vaccination side effects and vaccination damage,” Sorge told Die Welt. “The study (by Peter Schirmacher d. Red.) is worrying – also because it shows how little we know about the risks of the vaccines even after two years.”

Speaking to Die Welt last week, Schirmacher said his study highlights the various “unanswered questions” surrounding vaccination and the multitude of variables that could affect adverse outcomes.

“There are important unanswered questions that should be clarified either through comprehensive registration of all undesirable effects or as part of further research in the sense of vaccination improvement, vaccination indication and civil protection,” says Schirmacher: “Are there any genetic factors or certain previous illnesses – for example Autoimmune diseases – that predispose to severe vaccination consequences? Vaccination consequences are vaccine-dependent – but which characteristics and components of the vaccine determine this? Do certain types of application play a role?”

“For example, there are hypotheses that an unintentional vascular injection could also play a role in serious vaccination side effects, such as myocarditis,” Die Welt noted.

“Our study shows,” Schirmacher continued, “that fatal heart muscle inflammation can occur as a result of mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and that it shows a typical, uniform picture.”

“The possibility that one can die from it is also a proven fact.”

[…]

Via https://yournews.com/2022/12/24/2479932/vice-president-of-german-parliament-calls-for-autopsies-of-people/

Brian Peckford

The book ‘Turtles  All The Way Down ‘ edited by Zoey O’ Toole and Mary Holland of which you no doubt are already tired of hearing about from me, does a wonderful analysis of this.

1. In 2005 journalistic Dan Olmsted  did a review of the incidence of autism in Amish children in Lancaster county Pennsylvania . He found that there was a lower incidence  of autism among them than in the regular population . He theorized this lower incidence was the result of lower vaccination rates given the Amish did not adhere to the use vaccines. Although this review was published far and wide no one ever followed up with a detailed scientifically based study to validate or invalidate MR. Olmsted’s findings. What an opportunity for the CDC or other research institutions to find out the facts.
2. The Homefirst clinic in Chicago operated by Dr. Mayer Eisenstein , indicated that ‘They don’t know of a single case of autism , they said, among the thousands of unvaccinated children they’d had under their care over more than 30 years of practice.’ Once again the information was known but no one followed up to test the validity of the clinic’s claim .
3. In Israel at the Ruppin Academic Center a study on Ethiopian children in Israel but who were born in Ethiopia compared with other Ethiopian children who were born in Israel . The incidence of autism was higher among those children who were born in Israel versus those children born in Ethiopia . And it is known that Ethiopian born children had fewer vaccines , if any , than Israeli born children whose parents were Ethiopian. This study has not be referenced by any US agency or any funding provided to test the results of it.
4. Another incident where children of Somali descent born in the US, Minnesota state, had high incidence of autism . In Somali autism is unknown and their language does not even have a word for it. No follow up by anyone.
5. Three attempts to pass laws in the US Congress to study the vaccinated and unvaccinated for the incidence of autism—2007, 2013 and 2017 have all failed to get passed, not even get to the first phase of the legislative process.  The Congress representatives involved were Caroline Maloney and Dave Weldon in 2007 and Bill Posey involved in 2013 and 2017.

What’s going on?

No one it seems wants to even do a VU ( vaccinated vs unvaccinated ) study to test these very disturbing findings. None have been done to this day. [Ed – This is incorrect. There are 60 Vax-Unvax studies, all showing unvaccinated children have a much lower rate of allergy, food allergy, ear infections, upper respiratory infections and neurodevelopmental issues (ie autism and ADHD) than vaccinated children. See https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Vax-Unvax/Robert-F-Kennedy-Jr/Children-s-Health-Defense/9781510766969%5D Yet the incidence of autism diagnosed in children today is much higher than in earlier times. And there are more vaccines now.

Pages 209 , 210 and 211 in the Book is where you will find detail of the above incidents.

The book has 1200 references that you can access free —-and there you can validate what the book is saying . Here is the link —https://tinycurl.com/TurtlesBookEngRef to the 1200 studies .

Turtles All The  Way Down , Vaccine Science and Myth

Forward by Mary Holland , J. D.

Edited by Zoey O’Toole and Mary Holland

Via https://peckford42.wordpress.com/2023/01/02/autism-and-vaccines-why-the-evasion/

by Gordon Duff, Senior Editor and New Eastern Outlook, Moscow (2015)

As usual, the biggest story in America is suppression of news. There has never been a time when the media has taken such an aggressive position, not even after 9/11. It’s more than Ukraine or Syria.

The US has not only outraged Russia and China but other nations that were once afraid of the US are now ready to hit back. The simplest way to go after the US is to release classified intelligence showing the US as an aggressor nation or worse, a dupe, violent, dangerous and uncaring.

We forget what it was like, the carefully orchestrated orgy of hate after the nuclear demolition of the WTC and the missile attack on the Pentagon. This is one of many shameful moments in American history, where a nation abandoned common sense and backed a gang of traitors whose common purpose, all can see now, was and is the destruction of the United States and “her freedoms.”

Material is flooding out, American drug-dealing in Afghanistan. We learn that Mohammed Atta and the Saudis in the US weren’t training to attack on 9/11, but rather were being trained by the CIA to fly drugs out of Afghanistan. They were there as patsies on 9/11, ready to carry forward a childish narrative the American public had been stoked and primed to lap up.

We have, for the first time, national intelligence agencies leaking aging but high-value material.

[…]

Atta, now exposed as a colonel with Egyptian intelligence, was their liaison with Israel and the CIA, hardly “Al Qaeda” even if such an organization actually existed. Surveillance logs show Atta and fellow pilots living in New Jersey less than a hundred yards from a house filled with Israeli art students.

All had been under FBI surveillance, watching CIA handlers and “bagmen” coming in and out, pizza deliveries, call girls, embassy officials and lawyers, lots of them, prime Washington law firms, no budding terrorist should visit America without friends like these.

[…]

America can’t recognize Israel or perhaps its Likudist leadership as a long-term enemy despite overwhelming evidence simply because the idea of opposing Israel seems unthinkable to American leaders who live in a delusional “Pollyanna” fog.

Who could hate America?

Thus, the great but not so public debate in Washington, the cooling of relations with Israel under Obama as their powerful lobby increasingly takes on an aggressive anti-American stand, can’t be properly assessed unless Americans are willing to accept full culpability for being not just “unloveable”.

We must also face up to our being a clear and present danger to a world seeking self-determination and freedom, something Russia and China are offering much more convincingly.

[…]

9/11

The biggest story has been the Russian release of, not only their assessment of the use of nuclear weapons on 9/11 but their admission that they accessed the Sandia Labs investigation of 9/11.

According to documents received and published by VT, the real 9/11 investigation at “ground zero” involved gathering samples to identify the origin of the nuclear weapons used.

What Sandia Labs/DOE investigation?

The Sandia report found evidence, we are told through the Russian sources only as the US has never admitted this investigation, that American manufactured nuclear devices were used in the demolition of the World Trade Center. We are told that evidence of weapons using plutonium once part of W54 nuclear warheads supposedly “scrapped” at the Pantex Plant in Amarillo were found.

We are also told that John O’Neill, the former FBI agent killed on 9/11 knew about the theft of 350 warheads which are claimed to have been sent to Israel. The narrative, published in rough translation on VT, tells of Bush family involvement.

[…]

The Sandia report, according to the Russians, is 72 meg of documents, relatively huge. The Russians also provided names of those involved in aiding Clinton and Bush 41/43 in selling the weapons, the involvement of certain British leaders currently under investigation and of the sale and use of these weapons involving 11 nations and several terror attacks around the world. (The Chilcot Inquiry was eventually quashed)

We are also told of blackmail, a plot against the Bush family forcing them to aid in the attacks on 911 rather than face a reckoning for sale of nuclear weapons to all comers.

Even without a public scandal or war crimes trial, there are powerful parties in the world unwilling to let such an act go unpunished.

A Russian Intel dump

One statement found in a rambling narrative; “any idiot knows there are not real terrorists, they are all hired ‘guns’ working for intelligence agencies.” Most global “watchers” had figured that one out for themselves.

This “dump” from Russia came only a few short weeks after the New York Daily News published a “sleeper” article outing 70,000 nuclear cancer victims.

[…]

The Mossad was set up by James Angleton and Kim Philby, two top counter-intelligence experts of both the CIA and MI 6. Angleton had a long career, hunting “moles” within the CIA. He resigned in 1974.

Philby was Britain’s top spymaster. However, in 1963 he moved to Moscow. It turns out he had others, called the Cambridge Five, though the real numbers were endlessly higher, had been running British intelligence as a KGB/NKVD “franchise” since before World War II.

Angleton believed he had helped create the Mossad as a “backdoor” into Russian intelligence. OK, let’s get a few things out there. Israel was established by communists or socialists or whatever. It is still a socialist or communist country with broad government control of private industry, government health care and, as long as you are “Jewish,” a classic Marxist paternalistic state.

I am not saying there is anything wrong with this. Israel is making it work, backed by endless US aid and having virtually “liquidated” the indigenous Semitic population they choose to call “Palestinians.” This can be debated elsewhere ad infinitum and, in fact, it is.

What was clear to the US is that Israel was, in fact, a communist state not just strategically placed in the Middle East but one with very close ties to Stalinist Russia and one filled with socialist “true believers,” willing to “infect” the West using the broad influence of the worldwide Zionist community to carry on a Marxist war, particularly against the United States.

Angelton believed he could use this to his advantage and “turn” the Mossad into a “double” organization, one secretly tied to the CIA while overtly pure KGB. History proves that Angleton was wrong.

In the end, Philby won out, having created the Mossad as a communist “pure believer” organization that would, in fact, survive Russian communism itself. Philby built the Mossad with one purpose, to penetrate every level of the US government and military, penetrate the FBI and CIA, and to provide an operational capability to support the systematic destruction of the American financial system.

Aiding the Mossad were communist front groups, AIPAC, the ADL and others. The Bolshevik “true believer” philosophy morphed into what is now known as “Neoconservatism,” a virtual minefield of totalitarianism, self destructive economic voodoo and a “psyop” designed to push the United States to civil war.

[…]

Via

Forgotten Blockbusters: Ordered Suppressed, The Other Cold War no one talks about

By Batiushka for the Saker blog

Foreword

It is often said that the systemic Western European superiority complex, a disease which consists of the self-justified domination and exploitation of the surrounding world, began with the First ‘Crusade’ (1096-1099). Technically, this is true, but before it there were other events which we may call ‘Pre-Crusades’. For example, there was the massacre by the barbarian Frankish leader Charlemagne of 4,500 Saxons at Verden in 782. This bloodbath was the foundation of Frankish Europe, which still survives as the core of the lies of the EU today. After the collapse of Charlemagne’s Europe and a period of consolidation, 200 years later there came the events of the earlier eleventh century which did exactly presage the First Crusade at its end. First, there was the Frankish ‘Reconquista’ Crusade which began to accelerate in the eleventh century in Iberia. Then came the ‘Norman’ (in fact they were the collective campaigns of all the Frankish-made scum of North-Western Europe) Crusades or Conquests in Sicily, Southern Italy and in England in 1066.

Like these ‘Pre-Crusades’, the genocidal ‘conquests’ of the First Crusade essentially took place inside Europe, or else close by in the Near East. These Viking-type raiding and trading military expeditions, led on horseback and operating from castles, were expanded into Western Europe (the Celtic lands invaded from the Frankish base in England) and into Eastern Europe (the Baltics and Russia). However, the revolution came with the export of this aggressive Eurocentric mentality to distant lands through the ‘Conquistadors’ (same word) in what we now call Latin America 500 years ago. They were the fruit of Columbus’ imperialist and capitalist venture of 1492 and were followed by da Gama’s money-seeking ventures to southern Africa and India in 1497. They triggered a global revolution because they led to the worldwide genocide and plunder of other peoples and the destruction of their civilisations. Clive of India, Rhodes of Africa, Clinton of Serbia, Bush of Iraq and Biden of the Ukraine were only the conquistadors of later times. However, today we are seeing the end of their Conquistador Civilisation.

Our Great Reset

Thus, now we come to the end of the vital crossroads year of 2022 and a revolution that happens only once every 500 years. What we had been waiting for over so many years is now here. The date of 24 February 2022 has already gone down in world history. With the incredibly aggressive refusal of Washington to allow the Kiev puppet regime to grant freedom to the people of the Donbass, Russia has been obliged to turn to Defence Plan B, to partial mobilisation and the demilitarisation and liberation of all of the Ukraine and even beyond, as the suicidal attitudes of the Western world will oblige it to do. A limited operation has had to be turned by Western aggression into a full-scale war and the US/West/NATO has deprived itself of peace and prosperity through its suicidal sanctions. It means the end of Western Conquistador Civilisation. Thus, we try to peer over the horizon into 2023 and beyond. What will come once the Ukrainian war is over?

[…]

The US elite is making use of the meagre resources of its NATO vassals (so-called ‘allies’), using as its battlefield the Ukraine and as its cannon fodder Ukrainians and mercenaries. But Russian victory is inevitable, even if delayed because the US is deliberately and suicidally making the Ukraine into its Second Vietnam. The Western elite wants to fight ‘to the last Ukrainian’. (“We don’t care how many Ukrainians will die. How many women, children, civilians and military. We don’t care. Ukraine cannot take the peace decision. The peace decision can only be taken in Washington. But for now we want to continue this war, we will fight to the last Ukrainian.” Former US Senator Richard Blake). Therefore, it is immorally supplying all sorts of lethal arms for hundreds of thousands more of these hoodwinked Slavs to die or to be maimed.

[…]

The New World Order

The most dramatic event after its defeat in the Ukraine will surely be the retreat of the USA, as it is expelled from Eurasia, a process which began in Vietnam and then continued in Iraq and Afghanistan. The nationalist Trump wanted to withdraw voluntarily, but he was not allowed to, therefore the humiliating US withdrawal will happen by force, as it did in Kabul. ‘Yanks, go home’, chants the whole world, including many in Western Europe, tired of US tyranny. In Eurasia the US now occupies only a few islands (Taiwan, Japan, Singapore), the tips of two peninsulas (Korea and Western Europe) and the seaboard edge Israel. It will have to leave all of these, except for the Non-Palestinian parts of Israel. Taiwan will naturally return to China, Japan will have to find its own way, reconciling itself to a reunited Korea and submitting itself to China economically. For Western Europe, see below.

Once home, the USA will have to lick its wounds and be deoligarchised by popular revolt. The dedollarisation of the world economy is already under way, with very serious consequences for the deindustrialised US economy. The American Empire will undergo deimperialisation, like the European Empires after 1945, and, if at all possible, have to find some sort of unity, identity and sovereignty in its highly polarised, highly indebted and highly fragilised situation. Outside the US, the world chants ‘Yanks, go home’, but inside the US, ordinary Americans chant: ‘Feds, go home’. It is the same thing. The swamp must be drained. The departure of the USA from Western Europe after its eighty-year long occupation will mean the end of the already much disarmed and futile NATO. The suicidal bankruptcy of the European countries will also lead to the end of NATO’s political and economic arm, the EU.

[…]

The New Christian Order

As regards the current versions of Western Christianity, Protestantism (1517-2017) is largely a spent force within the Western world, its 500-year best before date is up. Just as it was launched by printing technology, it has been ended by internet technology. Puritanism preached ‘Hate the sin and especially hate the sinner’, now its just as aggressive descendant, Wokeism, preaches, ‘Love the sinner and especially love the sin’. In other words, all is permitted. The once full churches of Protestantism close down in their hundreds every year in the Western world. It was what it was, a moralising and White Supremacist blip in history, both for good, as in keeping promises, honesty, integrity and moral uprightness, and for bad, as in the ruthless and unsustainable exploitation of human and natural resources, including slavery, the obsession with money and saving money, as well as boring and iconoclastic philistinism caused by narrow-minded bigotry, and the tragic, rigid, literalist, moralising, unnatural and pharisaical repression of human nature, causing crass hypocrisy and misogyny, to the point of the slaughter of women as ‘witches’.

As for Roman Catholicism, throwing out the baby with the bathwater, it was taken over by the CIA in the early sixties to be used as a political battering ram against the USSR. And it too is also largely a spent force (1054-2054?) in the Western world. Covered-up pedophilia and the misogyny of compulsorily unmarried and frustrated clerics, some of them perverts, now exposed, are killing it off. Little wonder that some say that the present Pope is the last one.

[…]

Afterword

The whole Russian policy over the last twenty-two years to move towards a multipolar/polycentric world is now coming to fruition. The Big Four, Russian, China, India and Iran, are being joined by many countries from all Continents in the Global South in huge and powerful Non-Western organisations like BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), the SCO (Shanghai Co-operation Organisation) and the EEU (Eurasian Economic Union), to form a new G20 to replace the failed American vassal one.

[…]

Via https://thesaker.is/2023-the-future-has-arrived-the-end-of-500-years-of-conquistador-civilisation/

Via Appia

Lecture 11: Connecting the Empire – Roads and Bridges

Understanding Greek and Roman Technology: From the Catapult to the Pantheon

Dr Stephen Ressler (2013)

Film Review

After Mesopotamia developed the first wheeled vehicles during the 4th millenium BC, the Babylonian king created the first city roads to use for royal processions.

The Assyrians (21st to 14th century BC) built the first long distance (inter city) roads to facilitate military operations.

The Mycenaeans (1750 – 1050 BC) had military highways connecting their citadels, but these fell into disrepair when the Bronze civilization collapsed.

The Greek poleis or city-states (800-480 BC) achieved political prominence via naval conquest, and because they were constantly at war, there was no incentive to build intercity roads. The only exceptions were sacred roads that connected sanctuaries with host cities.

In 500 BC, the Persian king Darius built the 1600 mile long Royal Road to consolidate political power. Although it was unpaved and users relied on fords or ferries to cross rivers, the Royal Road supported a sophisticated courier system with way stations every fifteen miles. The average courier required nine days to traverse the entire road.

Via Apia, the first Roman road, was built in 312 BC. It was mainly used for moving infantry (it had too many hills to accommodate horses or vehicles). Most Roman roads were built using earth, a layer of rough gravel and crushed bricks, and a top layer of finer gravel. The most prestigious roads had a top surface of dressed stone blocks, cobbles or slabs of volcanic tuff, limestone, or basalt.

Roman bridges were built of of cut stone and opus testaceum (concrete faced with brick or tile). The Romans were the first to use underwater bridge piers (built of cut stone filled with concrete) to support longer bridges. The piers were constructed by using a coffer dam to access and excavate the river bed.*

*After constructing coffer dams from wooden timbers and packed clay, engineers pumped out all the water inside the coffer dam and filled the interior with cut stone and concrete.

Film available free from Kanopy with a library card.

https://www.kanopy.com/en/pukeariki/watch/video/146678/146700

Hippodamus of Miletus, father of urban planning

Lecture 10: Cities By Design – The Rise of Urban Planning

Understanding Greek and Roman Technology: From the Catapult to the Pantheon

Dr Stephen Ressler (2013)

Film Review

In the Bronze Age Mycenaean civilization, cities sprang up organically around the king’s palace. The only “city planning” that occurred related to defense, usually a city wall following the boundary. Unplanned dirt streets were narrow and winding.

In the Greek poleis (city-states) of the 7th century BC, markets and public buildings replaced the king’s palace on the acropolis (hilltop). Residences sprang up haphazardly around the acropolis, and narrow, winding streets connected them. Here the only planning related to the distinctive architectural style reserved for public buildings.

In the golden age of Athens, following their victory over Persia (490 BC), city planning took a monumental leap forward. Considered the father of city planning, utopia philosopher Hippodamus of Miletus redesigned Miletus after the Persians sacked it. He based the new city on a gridiron pattern of rectangular city blocks divided into public, private and sacred zones.

As Athens became a major naval power in 465 BC, the Athenian assembly hired Hippodamus to design a port for them in nearby Pareus. He employed the same gridiron pattern he used in Miletus, ensuring all streets were straight and of uniform widths (main boulevards were 45 feet wide, side streets 25 feet, and alleys 15 feet). Each private residential block was divided into 8 x 70 foot building lots for two-story dwellings with an interior courtyard.

New cities across the Mediterranean followed this design, especially during the 4th century BC as formerly independent city states became part of the Hellenistic Empire.

The Romans first learned about city planning from the Etruscans (due to strong Greek influence over many Etruscan cities), and adopted the same approach to city design as they conquered new colonies. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed, this systematic approach to urban development would disappear until the Middle Ages.

Instead of centering their cities around hills (which were easier to defend), the Romans built them around existing rivers or roads and relied on stronger boundary walls for defense. They liked to divide cities into four main zones, which they subdivided into blocks, which they subdivided into 200 x 300 foot residential plots. One city zone would be devoted to baths, amphitheaters and other pubic facilities and one zone to the forum.

The Romans also developed land surveying technology to establish an accurate city grid. They used the rising sun and an instrument called a groma and a decampeda to measure distance. It was the role of army engineers to subdivide conquered land, employing a system still used in many regions of modern Italy.

Decampeda

Roman military camps were even more highly planned than towns and cities and featured hospitals, granaries and bathhouses. As camps became permanent, tents were replaced with buildings.

Massive Roman military camp unearthed in Germany

Film can be viewed free with a library card on Kanopy.

https://www.kanopy.com/en/pukeariki/watch/video/146698